The avrdude command is used when you have an ISP programmer or are using another Arduino as an ISP programmer. You connect the programmer to the ICSP header of the ATmega16U2 and upload the firmware. The command is long and tedious, and I need to keep notes about the command somewhere and copy and paste it to the command line. It is so long that I usually split it up into separate lines. It goes something like this:
The dfu-programmer command on Mac or Linux is used to upload the firmware using a USB cable after activating the DFU bootloader on the ATmega16U2 chip by shorting pins 5 and 6 on the ICSP header of the ATmega16U2 to reset the chip.
Atmel Flip Download
Feb 04, 2015 Download Atmel USB DFU Programmer for free. A command-line programmer for Atmel USB microcontrollers. A multi-platform command-line programmer for Atmel (8051, AVR, XMEGA & AVR32) chips with a USB bootloader supporting ISP. This is a mostly Device Firmware Update (DFU) 1.0 compliant user-space application.
Atmel Flip Driver Download
For Windows you can download another program from Atmel called Flip. Put the UNO processor in DFU mode to upload with Flip. You will also need to install another driver because the UNO will appear as a different and new device when it's running the DFU bootloader.
DFU programming usually isn't useful for me, since the hacking I do often overwrites or replaces the DFU bootloader.
Atmel Flip
I don't care to use any of those methods above when I am done with a day of hacking the 16U2 and want to set the UNO back to stock. This comes from a guy who does not even like to sweep the sawdust off the floor after cutting a board with a saw in the garage, so I don't know what makes me want to be neat and restore the UNO when done messing with it for a while. But, I do. When I do, I want it to be quick and easy.
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